IF-IC, DB
All
Endogenous
Rabbit IgG
Product Information
Product Usage Information
| Application | Dilution |
|---|---|
| Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry) | 1:1600 |
| DNA Dot Blot | 1:1000 |
Storage
Specificity / Sensitivity
Species Reactivity:
All Species Expected
Source / Purification
Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with 5-methylcytidine.
Background
Methylation of DNA at cytosine residues is a heritable, epigenetic modification that is critical for proper regulation of gene expression, genomic imprinting, and mammalian development (1,2). 5-methylcytosine is a repressive epigenetic mark established de novo by two enzymes, DNMT3a and DNMT3b, and is maintained by DNMT1 (3, 4). 5-methylcytosine was originally thought to be passively depleted during DNA replication. However, subsequent studies have shown that Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins TET1, TET2, and TET3 can catalyze the oxidation of methylated cytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) (5). Additionally, TET proteins can further oxidize 5-hmC to form 5-formylcytosine (5-fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5-caC), both of which are excised by thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG), effectively linking cytosine oxidation to the base excision repair pathway and supporting active cytosine demethylation (6,7).
Normally DNA methylation occurs in a bimodal fashion, such that CpG dinucleotides are largely methylated across the genome, except in short stretches of CpG-rich sequences associated with gene promoters, known as CpG-islands, where methylation is virtually absent (8). Cancer cell genomes often undergo global hypomethylation, while CpG-islands become hypermethylated, causing their associated promoters to become repressed (9). There is evidence that a number of aberrantly hypermethylated CpG-islands found in carcinomas occur at tumor suppressor genes such as RB1, MLH1, and BRCA1 (10).
- Hermann, A. et al. (2004) Cell Mol Life Sci 61, 2571-87.
- Turek-Plewa, J. and Jagodziński, P.P. (2005) Cell Mol Biol Lett 10, 631-47.
- Okano, M. et al. (1999) Cell 99, 247-57.
- Li, E. et al. (1992) Cell 69, 915-26.
- Tahiliani, M. et al. (2009) Science 324, 930-5.
- He, Y.F. et al. (2011) Science 333, 1303-7.
- Ito, S. et al. (2011) Science 333, 1300-3.
- Suzuki, M.M. and Bird, A. (2008) Nat Rev Genet 9, 465-76.
- Berman, B.P. et al. (2012) Nat Genet 44, 40-6.
- Sproul, D. and Meehan, R.R. (2013) Brief Funct Genomics 12, 174-90.
Species Reactivity
Species reactivity is determined by testing in at least one approved application (e.g., western blot).
Applications Key
IF-IC: Immunofluorescence (Immunocytochemistry) DB: DNA Dot Blot
Cross-Reactivity Key
H: human M: mouse R: rat Hm: hamster Mk: monkey Vir: virus Mi: mink C: chicken Dm: D. melanogaster X: Xenopus Z: zebrafish B: bovine Dg: dog Pg: pig Sc: S. cerevisiae Ce: C. elegans Hr: horse GP: Guinea Pig Rab: rabbit All: all species expected
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