Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat brain using alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin (D4K9N) XP® Rabbit mAb.
| Cat. # | Size | Qty. | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| 77397T | 1 Kit (9 x 20 microliters) |
|
| Product Includes | Quantity | Applications | Reactivity | MW(kDa) | Isotype |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-Smooth Muscle Actin (D4K9N) XP® Rabbit mAb 19245 | 20 µl |
|
H M R Hm Mk | 42 | Rabbit IgG |
| COL1A1 (E8I9Z) Rabbit mAb 91144 | 20 µl |
|
H M R | 220 | Rabbit IgG |
| SMAD2/3 (D7G7) XP® Rabbit mAb 8685 | 20 µl |
|
H M R Mk | 52, 60 | Rabbit IgG |
| Smad2 (D43B4) XP® Rabbit mAb 5339 | 20 µl |
|
H M R Mk | 60 | Rabbit IgG |
| Phospho-SMAD2 (Ser465/Ser467) (E8F3R) Rabbit mAb 18338 | 20 µl |
|
H M R | 60 | Rabbit IgG |
| YKL-40 (E2L1M) Rabbit mAb 47066 | 20 µl |
|
H | 30-40 | Rabbit IgG |
| Phospho-SMAD2 (Ser465/467)/SMAD3 (Ser423/425) (D27F4) Rabbit mAb 8828 | 20 µl |
|
H M R Mk | 52, 60 | Rabbit IgG |
| TGF-β (56E4) Rabbit mAb 3709 | 20 µl |
|
H | 12, 45-60 | Rabbit |
| TGF-β Receptor II (E5M6F) Rabbit mAb 41896 | 20 µl |
|
H | 85 | Rabbit IgG |
| Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody 7074 | 100 µl |
|
Goat |
Product Information
Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues near the amino terminus of human α-Smooth Muscle Actin protein. Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Phe1197 of human COL1A1 protein. Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding His198 of human Smad2/3 protein. Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues near the amino terminus of mouse Smad2 protein. Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Ser465/467 of human Smad2 protein. Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues near the amino terminus of human YKL-40 protein. Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to residues surrounding Ser465/467 of human Smad2 protein. Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with a synthetic peptide corresponding to a region in the carboxy terminus of TGF-β1 protein. Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with recombinant protein specific to the amino terminus of human TGF-β Receptor II protein.
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily members are critical regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation, developmental patterning and morphogenesis, and disease pathogenesis (1-4). In the context of fibrosis, TGF-β signaling to SMAD2/3 is one of the biggest drivers of the profibrotic program (5).
TGF-β elicits signaling through three cell surface receptors: type I (RI), type II (RII), and type III (RIII). In response to ligand binding, the type II receptors form stable heterotrimeric complexes with the type I receptors, allowing phosphorylation and activation of type I receptor kinase. Activated type I receptors associate with SMAD2/3 and phosphorylate them on a conserved carboxy terminal SSXS motif. The phosphorylated SMADs dissociate from the receptor and form a heterotrimeric complex with the co-Smad (Smad4), allowing translocation of the complex to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, phosphorylated SMAD2/3 targets a subset of DNA binding proteins to regulate the transcriptional program (6-8).
In the context of fibrosis, SMAD2/3 activation upregulates expression of profibrotic genes such as COL1A1 and other ECM modulators that modify the extracellular matrix of the tissue. (9). TGF-β/ SMAD2/3 signaling also induces expression of α-Smooth Muscle Actin in fibroblasts, causing transformation of these cells to myofibroblasts (10). Myofibroblasts further modify the ECM, causing excessive accumulation of collagens and other ECM components. Injury to the tissue attracts macrophages and other immune cells and the fibrotic tissue soon becomes a site of inflammation (11). In this pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory environment, YKL-40, also known as Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), is secreted. YKL-40 is a pro-inflammatory glycoprotein that also contributes to the progression of fibrosis (12). Measurement of collagen content, α-Smooth Muscle Actin, and the release of YKL-40 are predictive of fibrotic activity.
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